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Original Article
Impact of Individualized Low Glycemic Index Medical Nutrition Therapy on Glycemic Control and Maternal Nutritional Status among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Boya Naveen Kumar1
Boya Bhargavi2
1 Department of Home Science, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2 Ayushman Arogya Mandir, Chapiri, Kalyanadurgam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 181-189
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijsreat.20260603027References
1. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins (2005) Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 60, Pregestational
diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology;105(3):675-685.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, (2013) Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report
of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol;122(5):1122-31.
3. American Diabetes Association; (2003) Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care.;40:S114-S119. doi: 10.2337/dc17-S016.
4. American Diabetes Association (2020) Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, Diabetes Care.
2019;43:S183-S192. doi: 10.2337/dc20-S014.
5. American Diabetes Association (2019) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care
;42(Suppl 1):S13-28. 10.2337/dc19-S002.
6. American Diabetes Association (2016) Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Section 12 in Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes
Care. 2016;39(1)(suppl 1):S94-S98.QC Anjana, R.M., Pradeepa, R., Deepa, M., Datta, M., Sudha, V., Unnikrishnan, R., (2011)
7. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: Phase I results
of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia.;54:3022-7.
8. Bardenheier, B.H., Imperatore, G., Gilboa, S.M., Geiss, L.S., Saydah, S.H., Devlin, H.M., (2015) Trends in Gestational Diabetes among
Hospital Deliveries in 19 U.S. States, 2000-2010. Am J Prev Med. Jul 1;49(1):12-9.
9. Bateman, B.T., Shaw, M., Kuklina, E.V., Callaghan, W.M., Seely, E.W., Hernandez-Diaz, S.,(2017) Hypertension in women of reproductive
age in the United States: NHANES 1999-2008. PLoS ONE.;7(4):e36171.
10. Bhatt, A.A., Dhore, P.B., Purandare, V.B., Sayyad, M.G., Mandal, M.K., Unnikrishnan, A.G.,(2015) Gestational diabetes mellitus in rural
population of Western India-Results of a community survey. Indian J Endocrinol Metab.;19:507-10.
11. Buchanan, T.A., Xiang, A., Kjos, S.L., Watanabe, R., (2007) What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes Care. Jul 1;30 SUPPL. 2:S105-11.
12. Buchanan, T. A., Xiang, A., Kjos, S. L., & Watanabe, R., (2007) What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes care 30 Suppl 2, S105-S111.
13. Casey, B.M., Lucas, M.I., Mcintire, D.D., Liezemo, K.J., Pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM compared with the genetic obstetric
population. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:869-73.
14. Catalano, P.M., Drago, N.M., Amini, S.B., Longitudinal changes in pancreatic beta-cell function and metabolic clearance rate of insulin in
pregnant women with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(3):403-8.
15. Catov, J.M., Margerison-Zilko, C., Pregnancy as a window to future health: Short-term costs and consequences. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
2016;215:406-407. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.060.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Treating for two: medicine and pregnancy. Accessed May 22.
17. Chang, Y., Chen, X., Cui, H., Zhang, Z., & Cheng, L., (2014) Follow-up of postpartum women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 106, 236-240.
18. Colagiuri, S., Sandbaek, A., Carstensen, B., Christensen, J., Glumert, C., Lauritzen., & BorchJohnsen, K.B., (2003). Comparability of
venous and capillary glucose measurements in blood. Diabetic Medicine, 20, 953-956.
19. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (2018) ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet
Gynecol.;131(2):e49-64.
20. Correa, A.; Bardenheier, B.; Elixhauser, A.; Geiss, L.S.; Gregg, E., (2015) Trends in prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations,
United States, 1993-2009. Matern. Child Health J., 19, 635-642.
21. Creanga, A.A., Berg, C.J., Ko, J.Y., Farr, S.L., Tong, V.T., Bruce, F.C., (2014) Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where
are we now? J Womens Health (Larchmt).;23(1):3-9.
22. Dabelea, D., Hanson, R.L., Lindsay, R.S., (2000) Intrauterine exposure to diabetes convey risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of
discordant sibships. Diabetes;49:2208-2211 Danam, P., GDM and subsequent development of overt Diabetes mellitus. Dan Med Bull.
1998;45:495-509.
23. Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Kumar, G.A., (2017). Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India,
1990-2016 in the global burden of disease study. Lancet ;390:2437-60. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32804-0
24. De Courten, B.; Mousa, A.; Naderpoor, N.; Teede, H.; de Courten, M.P.J.; Scragg, R., (2015) Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention
of type 2 diabetes in overweight adults: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16, 1-12.
25. Deputy, N.P., Kim, S.Y., Conrey, E.J., Bullard, K.M., (2018) Prevalence and Changes in Preexisting Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes
Among Women Who Had a Live Birth States, 2012-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. Nov 2 [cited 2021 May
17];67(43):1201-7.
diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology;105(3):675-685.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, (2013) Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report
of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol;122(5):1122-31.
3. American Diabetes Association; (2003) Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care.;40:S114-S119. doi: 10.2337/dc17-S016.
4. American Diabetes Association (2020) Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, Diabetes Care.
2019;43:S183-S192. doi: 10.2337/dc20-S014.
5. American Diabetes Association (2019) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care
;42(Suppl 1):S13-28. 10.2337/dc19-S002.
6. American Diabetes Association (2016) Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Section 12 in Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes
Care. 2016;39(1)(suppl 1):S94-S98.QC Anjana, R.M., Pradeepa, R., Deepa, M., Datta, M., Sudha, V., Unnikrishnan, R., (2011)
7. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: Phase I results
of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia.;54:3022-7.
8. Bardenheier, B.H., Imperatore, G., Gilboa, S.M., Geiss, L.S., Saydah, S.H., Devlin, H.M., (2015) Trends in Gestational Diabetes among
Hospital Deliveries in 19 U.S. States, 2000-2010. Am J Prev Med. Jul 1;49(1):12-9.
9. Bateman, B.T., Shaw, M., Kuklina, E.V., Callaghan, W.M., Seely, E.W., Hernandez-Diaz, S.,(2017) Hypertension in women of reproductive
age in the United States: NHANES 1999-2008. PLoS ONE.;7(4):e36171.
10. Bhatt, A.A., Dhore, P.B., Purandare, V.B., Sayyad, M.G., Mandal, M.K., Unnikrishnan, A.G.,(2015) Gestational diabetes mellitus in rural
population of Western India-Results of a community survey. Indian J Endocrinol Metab.;19:507-10.
11. Buchanan, T.A., Xiang, A., Kjos, S.L., Watanabe, R., (2007) What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes Care. Jul 1;30 SUPPL. 2:S105-11.
12. Buchanan, T. A., Xiang, A., Kjos, S. L., & Watanabe, R., (2007) What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes care 30 Suppl 2, S105-S111.
13. Casey, B.M., Lucas, M.I., Mcintire, D.D., Liezemo, K.J., Pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM compared with the genetic obstetric
population. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:869-73.
14. Catalano, P.M., Drago, N.M., Amini, S.B., Longitudinal changes in pancreatic beta-cell function and metabolic clearance rate of insulin in
pregnant women with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(3):403-8.
15. Catov, J.M., Margerison-Zilko, C., Pregnancy as a window to future health: Short-term costs and consequences. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
2016;215:406-407. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.060.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Treating for two: medicine and pregnancy. Accessed May 22.
17. Chang, Y., Chen, X., Cui, H., Zhang, Z., & Cheng, L., (2014) Follow-up of postpartum women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 106, 236-240.
18. Colagiuri, S., Sandbaek, A., Carstensen, B., Christensen, J., Glumert, C., Lauritzen., & BorchJohnsen, K.B., (2003). Comparability of
venous and capillary glucose measurements in blood. Diabetic Medicine, 20, 953-956.
19. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (2018) ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet
Gynecol.;131(2):e49-64.
20. Correa, A.; Bardenheier, B.; Elixhauser, A.; Geiss, L.S.; Gregg, E., (2015) Trends in prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations,
United States, 1993-2009. Matern. Child Health J., 19, 635-642.
21. Creanga, A.A., Berg, C.J., Ko, J.Y., Farr, S.L., Tong, V.T., Bruce, F.C., (2014) Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where
are we now? J Womens Health (Larchmt).;23(1):3-9.
22. Dabelea, D., Hanson, R.L., Lindsay, R.S., (2000) Intrauterine exposure to diabetes convey risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of
discordant sibships. Diabetes;49:2208-2211 Danam, P., GDM and subsequent development of overt Diabetes mellitus. Dan Med Bull.
1998;45:495-509.
23. Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Kumar, G.A., (2017). Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India,
1990-2016 in the global burden of disease study. Lancet ;390:2437-60. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32804-0
24. De Courten, B.; Mousa, A.; Naderpoor, N.; Teede, H.; de Courten, M.P.J.; Scragg, R., (2015) Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention
of type 2 diabetes in overweight adults: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16, 1-12.
25. Deputy, N.P., Kim, S.Y., Conrey, E.J., Bullard, K.M., (2018) Prevalence and Changes in Preexisting Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes
Among Women Who Had a Live Birth States, 2012-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. Nov 2 [cited 2021 May
17];67(43):1201-7.
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