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Original Article
Adaptive Fuzzy Logic–Based Energy Management for PV– Grid–Battery Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Amit Kumar1
Dr. Vishwanath Prasad Kurmi2
1 M.tech Scholar, Power System Engineering, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 05-18
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijsreat.20260603001References
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2) S. Deb, K. Tammi, K. Kalita, and P. Mahanta, “Review of recent trends in charging infrastructure planning for electric vehicl es,” IEEE
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11) A. Akhil et al., “DOE/EPRI electricity storage handbook,” Sandia National Laboratories, 2015.
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58, no. 1, pp. 158–172, 2011.
13) M. A. Hannan, M. M. Hoque, A. Mohamed, and A. Ayob, “Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications,” Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 771–789, 2017.
14) A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, and A. Beguin, “Sizing and optimal operation of battery energy storage system for peak shaving appl ication,”
IEEE Lausanne Power Tech, 2007.
15) S. Deilami, A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and M. A. Masoum, “Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to
minimize power losses and improve voltage profile,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456–467, 2011.
16) F. Luo et al., “Optimal planning and operation of energy storage systems for EV charging stations,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.
9, no. 6, pp. 5617–5627, 2018.
17) A. Y. Saber and G. K. Venayagamoorthy, “Plug-in vehicles and renewable energy sources for cost and emission reductions,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1229–1238, 2011.
18) Z. Wang, L. Wang, and F. Lin, “Optimization-based energy management of microgrids with electric vehicles,” Energy, vol. 197, 2020.
19) J. Hu, S. You, M. Lind, and J. Østergaard, “Coordinated charging of electric vehicles for congestion prevention in the distribution grid,”
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 703–711, 2014.
20) Y. He, B. Venkatesh, and L. Guan, “Optimal scheduling for charging and discharging of electric vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1095–1105, 2012.
21) N. Hatziargyriou, Microgrids: Architectures and Control, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2014.
22) M. R. Sarker, H. Pandzic, and M. A. Ortega-Vazquez, “Optimal operation and services scheduling for an electric vehicle battery swapping
station,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 901–910, 2015.
23) W. Kempton and S. Letendre, “Electric vehicles as a new power source for electric utilities,” Transportation Research Part D, vol. 2, no. 3,
pp. 157–175, 1997.
24) S. Bahramirad, W. Reder, and A. Khodaei, “Reliability-constrained optimal sizing of energy storage system in a microgrid,” IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2056–2062, 2012.
25) A. Parisio, E. Rikos, and L. Glielmo, “A model predictive control approach to microgrid operation optimization,” IEEE Transactions on
Control Systems Technology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1813–1827, 2014.
26) A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, and A. Beguin, “Sizing and optimal operation of battery energy storage system for peak shaving application,”
IEEE PowerTech, 2007.
27) J. M. Guerrero et al., “Advanced control architectures for intelligent microgrids,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol . 7, no. 1, pp.
6–24, 2013.
28) M. Aneke and M. Wang, “Energy storage technologies and real-life applications – A state of the art review,” Applied Energy, vol. 179, pp.
350–377, 2016.
29) P. Richardson, D. Flynn, and A. Keane, “Local versus centralized charging strategies for electric vehicles in low voltage distribution
systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1020–1028, 2012.
30) M. E. Khodayar, L. Wu, and M. Shahidehpour, “Hourly coordination of electric vehicle operation and volatile wind power generation in
SCUC,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1271–1279, 2012.
31) J. Hu, S. You, M. Lind, and J. Østergaard, “Coordinated charging of electric vehicles for congestion prevention in the distribution grid,”
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 703–711,
2) S. Deb, K. Tammi, K. Kalita, and P. Mahanta, “Review of recent trends in charging infrastructure planning for electric vehicl es,” IEEE
Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 684–697, 2018.
3) World Health Organization, Air Pollution and Health, WHO Report, 2022.
4) M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, “Review of charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2151–2169, 2013.
5) J. B. Dunn, L. Gaines, J. Sullivan, and M. Q. Wang, “Impact of recycling on cradle-to-gate energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions of automotive lithium-ion batteries,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, no. 22, pp. 12704–12710, 2012.
6) W. Kempton and J. Tomić, “Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue,” Journal of Power Sources, vol.
144, no. 1, pp. 268–279, 2005.
7) P. Richardson, D. Flynn, and A. Keane, “Impact assessment of varying penetrations of electric vehicles on low voltage distribution systems,”
IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010.
8) A. Sortomme and M. A. El-Sharkawi, “Optimal charging strategies for unidirectional vehicle-to-grid,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,
vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 131–138, 2011.
9) J. G. C. Pinto, R. Pregitzer, L. F. C. Monteiro, and J. L. Afonso, “Assessment of power quality problems in electric vehicle charging,” IEEE
PowerTech, 2012.
10) H. Chen, T. N. Cong, W. Yang, C. Tan, Y. Li, and Y. Ding, “Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review,” Progress in
Natural Science, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 291–312, 2009.
11) A. Akhil et al., “DOE/EPRI electricity storage handbook,” Sandia National Laboratories, 2015.
12) J. M. Guerrero et al., “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.
58, no. 1, pp. 158–172, 2011.
13) M. A. Hannan, M. M. Hoque, A. Mohamed, and A. Ayob, “Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications,” Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 771–789, 2017.
14) A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, and A. Beguin, “Sizing and optimal operation of battery energy storage system for peak shaving appl ication,”
IEEE Lausanne Power Tech, 2007.
15) S. Deilami, A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and M. A. Masoum, “Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to
minimize power losses and improve voltage profile,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456–467, 2011.
16) F. Luo et al., “Optimal planning and operation of energy storage systems for EV charging stations,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.
9, no. 6, pp. 5617–5627, 2018.
17) A. Y. Saber and G. K. Venayagamoorthy, “Plug-in vehicles and renewable energy sources for cost and emission reductions,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1229–1238, 2011.
18) Z. Wang, L. Wang, and F. Lin, “Optimization-based energy management of microgrids with electric vehicles,” Energy, vol. 197, 2020.
19) J. Hu, S. You, M. Lind, and J. Østergaard, “Coordinated charging of electric vehicles for congestion prevention in the distribution grid,”
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 703–711, 2014.
20) Y. He, B. Venkatesh, and L. Guan, “Optimal scheduling for charging and discharging of electric vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1095–1105, 2012.
21) N. Hatziargyriou, Microgrids: Architectures and Control, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2014.
22) M. R. Sarker, H. Pandzic, and M. A. Ortega-Vazquez, “Optimal operation and services scheduling for an electric vehicle battery swapping
station,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 901–910, 2015.
23) W. Kempton and S. Letendre, “Electric vehicles as a new power source for electric utilities,” Transportation Research Part D, vol. 2, no. 3,
pp. 157–175, 1997.
24) S. Bahramirad, W. Reder, and A. Khodaei, “Reliability-constrained optimal sizing of energy storage system in a microgrid,” IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2056–2062, 2012.
25) A. Parisio, E. Rikos, and L. Glielmo, “A model predictive control approach to microgrid operation optimization,” IEEE Transactions on
Control Systems Technology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1813–1827, 2014.
26) A. Oudalov, R. Cherkaoui, and A. Beguin, “Sizing and optimal operation of battery energy storage system for peak shaving application,”
IEEE PowerTech, 2007.
27) J. M. Guerrero et al., “Advanced control architectures for intelligent microgrids,” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol . 7, no. 1, pp.
6–24, 2013.
28) M. Aneke and M. Wang, “Energy storage technologies and real-life applications – A state of the art review,” Applied Energy, vol. 179, pp.
350–377, 2016.
29) P. Richardson, D. Flynn, and A. Keane, “Local versus centralized charging strategies for electric vehicles in low voltage distribution
systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1020–1028, 2012.
30) M. E. Khodayar, L. Wu, and M. Shahidehpour, “Hourly coordination of electric vehicle operation and volatile wind power generation in
SCUC,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1271–1279, 2012.
31) J. Hu, S. You, M. Lind, and J. Østergaard, “Coordinated charging of electric vehicles for congestion prevention in the distribution grid,”
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 703–711,
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