ARCHIVES
Original Article
Occupational Wellbeing among EMS Personnel
Şeyda Çakır1
Yusuf Arif Kutlu2
1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, Risk Management of Natural Disasters, Turkey. 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Turkey.
Published Online: March-April 2026
Pages: 50-57
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijsreat.20260602007References
1. Mitchell JT, Dyregrov A. Traumatic stress in disaster workers and emergency personnel: prevention and intervention. In: International
Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. Boston (MA): Springer US; 1993.
2. Boudreaux E, Mandry C, Brantley PJ. Stress, job satisfaction, coping, and psychological distress among emergency medical technicians.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 1997; 12(4):9-16.
3. Regehr C, Goldberg G, Hughes J. Exposure to human tragedy, empathy, and trauma in ambulance paramedics. Am J Orthopsychiatry.
2002; 72(4):505-513.4. Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Guidotti TL, Smith GS. Occupational injuries among emergency medical services personnel. Prehosp Emerg
Care. 2005; 9(4):405-511.
5. Sterud T, Ekeberg Ø, Hem E. Health status in the ambulance services: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006; 6(1):1-10.
6. Alexander DA, Klein S. First responders after disasters: a review of stress reactions, at-risk, vulnerability, and resilience factors. Prehosp
Disaster Med. 2009; 24(2):87-94.
7. Donnelly E. Work-related stress and posttraumatic stress in emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012; 16(1):76-85.
8. Weaver MD, Patterson PD, Fabio A, Moore CG, Freiberg MS, Songer TJ. The association between weekly work hours, crew familiarity,
and occupational injury and illness in emergency medical services workers. Am J Ind Med. 2015; 58(12):1270-1277.
9. Kawashima Y, Nishi D, Noguchi H, Usuki M, Yamashita A, Koido Y, et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms and burnout among medical
rescue workers 4 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a longitudinal study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2016; 10(6):848-
853.
10. Ilić IM, Arandjelović MŽ, Jovanović JM, Nešić MM. Relationships of work-related psychosocial risks, stress, individual factors and
burnout–questionnaire survey among emergency physicians and nurses. Med Pr. 2017; 68(2):167-178.
11. Pawłowski W, Lasota D, Goniewicz K, Goniewicz M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in disaster workers and emergency personnel. Arch
Med Sci Civil Dis. 2018; 3(1):195-201.
12. Boland LL, Mink PJ, Kamrud JW, Jeruzal JN, Stevens AC. Social support outside the workplace, coping styles, and burnout in a cohort
of EMS providers from Minnesota. Workplace Health Saf. 2019; 67(8):414-422.
13. Naushad VA, Bierens JJ, Nishan KP, Firjeeth CP, Mohammad OH, Maliyakkal AM, et al. A systematic review of the impact of disaster
on the mental health of medical responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019; 34(6):632-643.
14. Greinacher A, Derezza-Greeven C, Herzog W, Nikendei C. Secondary traumatization in first responders: a systematic review. Eur J
Psychotraumatol. 2019; 10(1):1562840.
15. Mahaffey BL, Mackin DM, Rosen J, Schwartz RM, Taioli E, Gonzalez A. The disaster worker resiliency training program: a randomized
clinical trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021; 94:9-21.
16. Elsässer A, Dreher A, Pietrowsky R, Flake F, Loerbroks A. Psychosocial working conditions, perceived patient safety and their association
in emergency medical services workers in Germany: a cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med. 2024; 24(1):1-13.
17. Gill SK, Lauren RK. A systematic review of occupational stress and burnout in emergency medical technician and paramedic populations
and associated consequences. Int J Qual Health Care. 2025; 37(2).
18. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occup Behav. 1981; 2(2):99-113.
19. Weisman CS, Nathanson CA. Professional satisfaction and client outcomes: a comparative organizational analysis. Med Care.
1985;23(10):1179-92.
20. Joinson C. Coping with compassion fatigue. Nurs. 1992; 22(4):116-122.
21. Stamm BH. The Pro-QOL manual: the professional quality of life scale: compassion, satisfaction, burnout & compassion fatigue/secondary
trauma scales. Sidran Press; 2005.
22. Yeşil A, Ergün Ü, Amasyalı C, Er F, Olgun NN, Aker AT. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the professional quality of life
scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47(2):111-117.
23. Carpenter S. Ten steps in scale development and reporting: a guide for researchers. Commun Methods Meas. 2018; 12(1):25-44.
24. Van Selm M, Jankowski NW. Conducting online surveys. Qual Quant. 2006; 40:435-456.
25. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 27 step by step: a simple guide and reference. Routledge; 2019.
26. Hurley AE, Scandura TA, Schriesheim CA, Brannick MT, Seers A, Vandenberg RJ, Williams LJ. Exploratory and confirmatory factor
analysis: guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1997; 667-683.
27. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2013.
28. Weaver B, Koopman R. An SPSS macro to compute confidence intervals for Pearson’s correlation. Quant Methods Psychol. 2014;
10(1):29-39.
29. Pimentel JL. Some biases in Likert scaling usage and its correction. IJSBAR. 2019; 45(1):183-191.
30. Field A. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications; 2013.
31. Çoban H, Kutlu YA. Perceived occupational risks of emergency medical services personnel. Int J Recent Trends Multidiscip Res. 2026;
5(1):23-30.
32. Meeker SA, Hahn R, Wilt VL, Molnar BE. Vicarious traumatization among emergency medical service personnel: a systematic review.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2025; 0(0).
33. Jacobson JM. Risk of compassion fatigue and burnout and potential for compassion satisfaction among employee assistance professionals:
protecting the workforce. Traumatology. 2012; 18(3):64-72.
34. Yeşil A, Polat Ş. Investigation of psychological factors related to compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among nurses.
BMC Nurs. 2023; 22:12.
35. Özdemir R, Ural S, Çınar M, Nabel EB, Yıldırım H. Determinants of job satisfaction and burnout levels of the primary health care workers:
Sample of Karabük province. A Journal of Turkish Medical Association-Community and Physician. 2015; 30(2):150-160.
36. Demirbilek Ö, Uzman E. Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and burnout among 112 emergency health workers - the case of
province of Kayseri. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences. 2021; 10(1):56-69.
37. Ezer S, Üstün B. Investigation of professional quality of life and healthy life style behaviors in health care professionals. Journal of Ege
University Nursing Faculty. 2022; 38(1):29-42.
38. Çolak YY, Buldukoğlu K. Assessment of compassion satisfaction, burnout and compassion fatigue levels of the nurses: A university
hospital example. Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing. 2021; 8(2):144-150.
39. Çıngı F, Şantaş G. Investigation of the relations between work-family conflict, burnout and excess workload in the 112 employees.
Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration. 2023; 26(2):393-424.
Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. Boston (MA): Springer US; 1993.
2. Boudreaux E, Mandry C, Brantley PJ. Stress, job satisfaction, coping, and psychological distress among emergency medical technicians.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 1997; 12(4):9-16.
3. Regehr C, Goldberg G, Hughes J. Exposure to human tragedy, empathy, and trauma in ambulance paramedics. Am J Orthopsychiatry.
2002; 72(4):505-513.4. Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Guidotti TL, Smith GS. Occupational injuries among emergency medical services personnel. Prehosp Emerg
Care. 2005; 9(4):405-511.
5. Sterud T, Ekeberg Ø, Hem E. Health status in the ambulance services: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006; 6(1):1-10.
6. Alexander DA, Klein S. First responders after disasters: a review of stress reactions, at-risk, vulnerability, and resilience factors. Prehosp
Disaster Med. 2009; 24(2):87-94.
7. Donnelly E. Work-related stress and posttraumatic stress in emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012; 16(1):76-85.
8. Weaver MD, Patterson PD, Fabio A, Moore CG, Freiberg MS, Songer TJ. The association between weekly work hours, crew familiarity,
and occupational injury and illness in emergency medical services workers. Am J Ind Med. 2015; 58(12):1270-1277.
9. Kawashima Y, Nishi D, Noguchi H, Usuki M, Yamashita A, Koido Y, et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms and burnout among medical
rescue workers 4 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a longitudinal study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2016; 10(6):848-
853.
10. Ilić IM, Arandjelović MŽ, Jovanović JM, Nešić MM. Relationships of work-related psychosocial risks, stress, individual factors and
burnout–questionnaire survey among emergency physicians and nurses. Med Pr. 2017; 68(2):167-178.
11. Pawłowski W, Lasota D, Goniewicz K, Goniewicz M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in disaster workers and emergency personnel. Arch
Med Sci Civil Dis. 2018; 3(1):195-201.
12. Boland LL, Mink PJ, Kamrud JW, Jeruzal JN, Stevens AC. Social support outside the workplace, coping styles, and burnout in a cohort
of EMS providers from Minnesota. Workplace Health Saf. 2019; 67(8):414-422.
13. Naushad VA, Bierens JJ, Nishan KP, Firjeeth CP, Mohammad OH, Maliyakkal AM, et al. A systematic review of the impact of disaster
on the mental health of medical responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019; 34(6):632-643.
14. Greinacher A, Derezza-Greeven C, Herzog W, Nikendei C. Secondary traumatization in first responders: a systematic review. Eur J
Psychotraumatol. 2019; 10(1):1562840.
15. Mahaffey BL, Mackin DM, Rosen J, Schwartz RM, Taioli E, Gonzalez A. The disaster worker resiliency training program: a randomized
clinical trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021; 94:9-21.
16. Elsässer A, Dreher A, Pietrowsky R, Flake F, Loerbroks A. Psychosocial working conditions, perceived patient safety and their association
in emergency medical services workers in Germany: a cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med. 2024; 24(1):1-13.
17. Gill SK, Lauren RK. A systematic review of occupational stress and burnout in emergency medical technician and paramedic populations
and associated consequences. Int J Qual Health Care. 2025; 37(2).
18. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occup Behav. 1981; 2(2):99-113.
19. Weisman CS, Nathanson CA. Professional satisfaction and client outcomes: a comparative organizational analysis. Med Care.
1985;23(10):1179-92.
20. Joinson C. Coping with compassion fatigue. Nurs. 1992; 22(4):116-122.
21. Stamm BH. The Pro-QOL manual: the professional quality of life scale: compassion, satisfaction, burnout & compassion fatigue/secondary
trauma scales. Sidran Press; 2005.
22. Yeşil A, Ergün Ü, Amasyalı C, Er F, Olgun NN, Aker AT. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the professional quality of life
scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2010; 47(2):111-117.
23. Carpenter S. Ten steps in scale development and reporting: a guide for researchers. Commun Methods Meas. 2018; 12(1):25-44.
24. Van Selm M, Jankowski NW. Conducting online surveys. Qual Quant. 2006; 40:435-456.
25. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 27 step by step: a simple guide and reference. Routledge; 2019.
26. Hurley AE, Scandura TA, Schriesheim CA, Brannick MT, Seers A, Vandenberg RJ, Williams LJ. Exploratory and confirmatory factor
analysis: guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1997; 667-683.
27. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2013.
28. Weaver B, Koopman R. An SPSS macro to compute confidence intervals for Pearson’s correlation. Quant Methods Psychol. 2014;
10(1):29-39.
29. Pimentel JL. Some biases in Likert scaling usage and its correction. IJSBAR. 2019; 45(1):183-191.
30. Field A. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications; 2013.
31. Çoban H, Kutlu YA. Perceived occupational risks of emergency medical services personnel. Int J Recent Trends Multidiscip Res. 2026;
5(1):23-30.
32. Meeker SA, Hahn R, Wilt VL, Molnar BE. Vicarious traumatization among emergency medical service personnel: a systematic review.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2025; 0(0).
33. Jacobson JM. Risk of compassion fatigue and burnout and potential for compassion satisfaction among employee assistance professionals:
protecting the workforce. Traumatology. 2012; 18(3):64-72.
34. Yeşil A, Polat Ş. Investigation of psychological factors related to compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among nurses.
BMC Nurs. 2023; 22:12.
35. Özdemir R, Ural S, Çınar M, Nabel EB, Yıldırım H. Determinants of job satisfaction and burnout levels of the primary health care workers:
Sample of Karabük province. A Journal of Turkish Medical Association-Community and Physician. 2015; 30(2):150-160.
36. Demirbilek Ö, Uzman E. Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and burnout among 112 emergency health workers - the case of
province of Kayseri. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences. 2021; 10(1):56-69.
37. Ezer S, Üstün B. Investigation of professional quality of life and healthy life style behaviors in health care professionals. Journal of Ege
University Nursing Faculty. 2022; 38(1):29-42.
38. Çolak YY, Buldukoğlu K. Assessment of compassion satisfaction, burnout and compassion fatigue levels of the nurses: A university
hospital example. Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing. 2021; 8(2):144-150.
39. Çıngı F, Şantaş G. Investigation of the relations between work-family conflict, burnout and excess workload in the 112 employees.
Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration. 2023; 26(2):393-424.
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